Training Resource Manual for Genocide and Mass Atrocity Prevention in the Great Lakes Region of Africa

### Foreword By: Dr. James Waller Director of Academic Programs Auschwitz Institute for Peace and Reconciliation Genocide prevention is not what makes headlines, but it is what prevents the worst of headlines from being made. Why is genocide prevention so important? In short, genocide prevention reduces four types of costs—human, instability, economic, and diplomatic. Genocide prevention is primarily focused on reducing human costs through the protection and preservation of human life and security. In addition, however, genocide prevention reduces instability costs by contributing to national peace and stability in fragile countries, as well as promoting regional and international peace and stability. Prevention’s importance also reduces economic costs as prevention is much less costly than intervening to stop genocide or rebuilding in the aftermath of a mass destruction that has destroyed the development trajectory of a state or region. Finally, genocide prevention reduces diplomatic costs as it reinforces state sovereignty by limiting the more intrusive and invasive forms of response, from other States or international actors, that may be required to halt genocide.1 This Training Resource Manual for Genocide and Mass Atrocity Prevention in the Great Lakes Region of Africa, the first of its kind in the field, reflects and affirms this understanding by focusing on the preventive measures that can be applied to protect civilians from genocide and mass atrocity. This continuum of strategies includes preventing genocide from ever taking place, preventing further atrocities once genocide has begun, and preventing future atrocities once a society has begun to rebuild after genocide. Central is the notion that prevention does not end when the violence begins; rather prevention of genocide is a multilayered approach running throughout the preconflict, midconflict, and postconflict cycle. As Gareth Evans argues: “‘Prevention’ language can reasonably be applied at _all_ stages of the conflict cycle.” Let us contextualize this continuum of prevention strategies in an analogy. Imagine you are standing beside a river and see someone caught in the current and struggling for their life. You jump in and manage to pull the victim ashore. Just as you catch your breath, however, another person in distress comes downstream... followed by another and another and another. Rather than remaining downstream and exhausting yourself on the rescue of individuals already in distress, you travel upstream to find the source of the problem. You may discover a hole in a bridge or perhaps the lack of a protective fence on a cliff. You have changed, though, the calculus of what prevention means—rather than expending your resources and energy on rescuing people in crisis, you can now try to stop the crisis at its source. Saving victims in crisis and fixing the source of the crisis are both forms of prevention—as is helping victims the moment they fall into the river rather than waiting until they have been swept downstream—each simply occurs at different stages of the process of prevention. Clearly, focusing prevention efforts on the source of the crisis, before it happens, is more efficient and less costly than managing the consequences of the crisis once it has occurred. You may not stop all of the people from falling into the river, at least not right away, but—by addressing the root cause—you have decreased the risk and there will be far fewer people to rescue downstream. This analogy is uncomfortably close to the real-life tragedy of thousands of bodies, as many as one hundred an hour, washing down the Kagera River into Lake Victoria in Uganda—the second largest body of fresh water in the world—at the height of the Rwandan genocide. Except, in that case, the bodies had already lost their struggle for life. At that point, addressing the root cause of the problem upstream fell secondary to the severe downstream consequences in Uganda. A May 21, 1994 news report cited “the difficulty of fighting off the wild animals and dogs feeding on the bodies” as well as the “acute health hazard” caused by the decaying corpses washing ashore in southern Uganda or onto islands in Lake Victoria. Villagers in the region were warned to boil drinking water and to cook all fish thoroughly in order to prevent epidemics of cholera and other diseases. Following a population-based health model in which the aim is the prevention of the disease of genocide and other mass atrocities, we can envision a continuum of prevention strategies—primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary prevention is upstream prevention––fixing the hole in the bridge or constructing a protective barrier to prevent people from falling into the river. Upstream prevention is the “before” analysis of the longer-term governance, historical, economic, and societal factors that leave a country at risk for genocide and other mass atrocities and the inoculation avenues open to mitigating those risk factors. Secondary prevention is midstream prevention––the rescue of victims just as they hit the water but before they are swept further downstream. Midstream prevention “during” the crisis captures the immediate, real-time relief efforts—political, economic, legal, and military—that are direct crisis management tactics to slow, limit, or halt the mass violence. Finally, tertiary prevention is downstream prevention––the hopeful resuscitation of victims who were swept away because upstream or midstream prevention failed. Downstream prevention refers to the “after” efforts to foster resiliency by dealing with the acute long-term consequences of mass violence through pursuits of justice, truth, and memory to help stabilize, heal, and rehabilitate a post-genocide society. The strategies available to us for upstream prevention are far more numerous, and much less costly, than the available strategies for midstream prevention once genocide has broken out or, even more so, for downstream prevention for rebuilding after the genocide is over. While this continuum may give us a helpful framework from which to approach prevention, we should remember that mass atrocities are often more cyclical than linear. So upstream, midstream, and downstream prevention efforts work in an interconnected and synergistic, rather than isolated, fashion. In addition, most conflicts are an intricate tangle of preconflict, midconflict, and postconflict at any one time. As a result, the defining element of an upstream preventive approach, for example, is not “when” it takes place but rather that it seeks to address the underlying causes of conflict. “In theory, interventions to prevent conflict upstream can be undertaken at any point during the conflict cycle, even at the same time as measures to address the symptoms of conflict are also being carried out.” In short, these stages of prevention, and the measures involved in each, are complexly linked and state responsibility, buttressed by international assistance for capacity building, is threaded throughout all three stages of the continuum. \*\*\*\*\* In his concluding chapter to _The Drowned and the Saved_, his last completed work, Auschwitz survivor Primo Levi reminds us of the importance of genocide and mass atrocity prevention. Written more than 40 years after the end of the Holocaust, Levi writes: “It happened, therefore it can happen again: this is the core of what we have to say. It can happen, and it can happen everywhere.” This quote is featured in the lobby of the information center at the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe in Berlin, Germany. Left out, however, is the next sentence: “I do not intend to nor can I say that it will happen.” Although Levi was likely hedging his bets against the repetition of something so unthinkable—even as he admits in 1986 that “precursory signs loom before us” in several corners of the world—I believe he is also challenging us to recognize that even though genocide can happen again, it does not have to happen again. Genocide is not preordained, despite its persistent occurrence, as an inevitable reality of the human experience. Over a quarter of a century later, in 2014, Adama Dieng echoed Levi’s concern, as well as his hope: “We must accept that there is no part of the world that can consider itself immune from the risk of genocide and all regions and all States must build resistance to these crimes... We owe to them [the millions of men and women who have lost their lives to genocide] and to ourselves and future generations to realize a world free of genocide. We are still far from that, but we aim to make it happen.” Although Levi and Dieng are separated by a vast crevasse of time, culture, and distance, together they push us to acknowledge our collective responsibility for doing what we can to prevent genocide from happening again. This training resource manual, by providing a wealth of learning materials to help expand our understanding of the scope and range of instruments and approaches to genocide and mass atrocity prevention, is an important step in advancing that collective responsibility. 1These reasons are taken from United Nations, “Framework of Analysis for Atrocity Crimes: A Tool for Prevention,” (2014). pp.2 2Gareth Evans, The Responsibility to Protect: Ending Mass Atrocity Crimes Once and For All (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2008). pp.281 3This analogy is compiled from examples given by the University of Denver and the [Institute for Work and Health](http://www.iwh.on.ca/wrmb/primary-secondary-and-tertiary-prevention) (both accessed February 10, 2015) 4Donatella Lorch, “Thousands of Rwanda Dead Wash Down to Lake Victoria,” accessed February 12, 2015 at 5USAID, “Field Guide: Helping Prevent Mass Atrocities,” (2015). pp.26 6Saferworld, “Upstream Conflict Prevention: Addressing the Root Causes of Conflict”, (September, 2012). pp.2 7Quoted material is taken from Primo Levi, The Drowned and the Saved (New York, NY: Vintage International, 1988). pp.199 8Quoted material is taken from UN News Centre, (December 9, 2014), accessed December 14, 2014. (Back to Top) ### Introduction ### Background Prevention is gaining tremendous worldwide attention, for example, by international, regional and national bodies and civil society organizations, as opposed to costly and lengthy post genocide and mass atrocity interventions. At the same time, contested political processes to access state power, resource disparities and perceptions of discrimination continue to foment instability and violent conflicts within or between states and communities in many parts of the world. These conditions adversely bear on human life, freedoms, development, peace, and account for the fragility of states and their capacity to prevent the occurrence or recurrence of mass atrocities and genocide. The legal and practical approaches necessary to advance prevention also continue to evolve through various works by, for example, the United Nations, inter-governmental bodies like the Africa Union and the International Conference on the Great Lakes Region, universities, international and local civil society organizations. To this end, AIPR conducted a baseline assessment to determine capacity gaps and training needs towards the prevention of genocide and mass atrocities in the Great Lakes Region. Participants in the assessment were members of national mechanisms for the prevention of genocide from Burundi, The Republic of Congo, The Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, and South Sudan. Others were selected from non-governmental organizations, academia and media. Academic papers, media reports and commentaries on various post-conflict interventions by practitioners in this field were also reviewed. **At the regional level,** it was clear that countries, although signatories to relevant international or regional instruments, there is lack of sufficient knowledge and capacity (logistics, human, structures, policies, institutional frameworks etc) to implement associated national and grassroots programs towards genocide and mass atrocity prevention. A number of instruments also reflect a lack of community level input, know-how on prevention, while others fall short of responding to coordination challenges. **At country level,** it was observed that there are no clear policies developed to articulate or spell out country positions and institutionalized approaches to prevention. State-centric approaches were also found to be either out of touch with grassroots realities and lack legislation to support community level initiatives. This included, for example, lack of space for traditional and religious authorities to play prominent roles in prevention efforts, while their subjects also remain largely unaware of “how to prevent.” **At the civil society level,** relationships between international and domestic organizations with host governments remain negative and efforts by states towards protection of citizens often fail to engage and integrate CSOs. Many organizations were also found lacking in knowledge and skills about how prevention should look like at the local level. This is despite the fact that CSOs tend to have stronger connections with communities because the critical gaps they fill in service delivery. Thus they are, in most cases, better suited to work to reduce tensions yet lack the capacity to effectively engage and provide guidance to their governments or communities on prevention. Information collected was analyzed and this manual has been developed after the initial assessment revealed a lack of comprehensive resources offering information that can guide genocide and mass atrocity work in the region. The findings were also categorized into thematic areas, reflecting on the unique regional needs, skills, and knowledge gaps that were identified. ### **The Resource Manual** This online resource manual contains a collection of some of the existing resources that regional and national mechanisms can learn from and use as reference materials to gain insight into the nature and practice of prevention. The resources are in the form of legal and other instruments from the UN and regional bodies, research papers, recommendations, best practices and lessons learned, and reports from other forms of interventions in conflict situations. ### **Methodology** During the compilation of this manual, a range of qualitative research methods was employed including document reviews and group discussions. While conducting the base line assessment focus group discussions, document reviews and structured interviews were conducted with key informants in this field both in the Great Lakes Region and other areas of the world. Extensive desk and internet based research was used for the compilation of the actual resource manual. ### **Who will use the Resource Manual?** The main objective of the manual is to provide an extensive and comprehensive list of learning resources, including legal instruments, scholarly articles, reports from international and civil society organization, governments, etc. Therefore the resources will be used by a variety of audiences including; - State and civil society leaders and policy makers - Religious and traditional leaders - Program officers, trainers and facilitators - Women, youth and the general public ### **Note for use of the Manual** This is a manual containing some of the existing resources already developed and published by authors as indicated by the links provided. It is not a one-stop center for approaches, answers or guidelines to the prevention of genocide and mass atrocities. Users are therefore advised to use these resources as a starting point towards further research and training, or as reference material while undertaking their own work. The information contained should as much as possible to adapted to the unique circumstances and needs the user may encounter. Prevention of genocide and mass atrocities is a multilayered approach running throughout the pre-, mid-, and post-conflict cycle. It is therefore advisable to conduct a local needs assessment to determine the most appropriate preventive intervention i.e. depending on whether the level of conflict. That way, these resources can be helpful during analysis, imaging an intervention, or identifying suitable partnerships and collaboration towards any preventive work. ### Layout of the Resource Manual ### Chapter 1: **The Practice of Genocide Prevention** 1. Genocide and Prevention as Concepts, their Process and Possible Indicators 2. What is Genocide and Mass Atrocity Prevention and How to Prevent ### Chapter 2: Genocide Prevention and the State: Roles and Approaches 1. Establishing and Managing National Structures 2. Application of International/Regional Instruments and Norms - African Union - Inter governmental Authority on Development (IGAD) - International Conference on the Great Lakes Region (ICGLR) - East African Community (EAC) - Southern African Development Cooperation (SADC) - United Nations (UN) - Responsibility to Protect (RtoP) - International Criminal Court (ICC) and other Specialized Tribunals 3. Working with Organs of the State: Institutions for Running the Affairs of the State e.g. the Executive, Parliament, Judiciary, Military and the Police 4. Working with Local Governments: County, Sub – County, Parish and Village Council/Committees ### Chapter 3: Genocide Prevention and the Civil Society: Roles and Approaches 1. Working with Political Organizations 2. Working with Religious Leaders and Institutions 3. Working with Non Governmental Organizations (NGO’s) 4. Working with Traditional Leaders 5. Working with Women and Youth 6. Working with Minorities and Grassroots Communities ### Chapter 4: Approaches to Early Warning and Early Response: Application and Management 1. Existing Early Warning and Early Response Frameworks for Genocide and Mass Atrocity Prevention: Lessons Learned and Best Practices 2. Working with the State and Civil Society towards Early Warning 3. Data Collection, Analysis and Verification for Early Warning and Early Response 4. Documentation and Reporting for Early Warning and Early Response 5. Working with State and Civil Society towards Early Response 6. Working with International and Regional Organizations for Early Warning and Early Response 7. Limitations of Early Warning and Early Response: Options of Redress ### Chapter 5: Skills for Handling of Genocide and Mass Atrocity Prevention 1. Planning and Implementation of Genocide Prevention 2. Leadership and Communication Skills for Genocide Prevention 3. Dialogue, Mediation and Advocacy: Breaking the Barriers of Genocide Prevention 4. Managing Actors’ Risks during Genocide Prevention 5. Building Partnerships for Genocide Prevention 6. Managing Gender Sensitivity during Genocide Prevention 7. Monitoring and Evaluation for Genocide Prevention ### Chapter **6:** **Thematic Issues** 1. Governance and Genocide Prevention 2. Victims and Perpetrators after Genocide and Mass Atrocities 3. Land Conflicts and Genocide Prevention 4. Elections and Genocide prevention 5. Advocating for Genocide Prevention: Lessons Learned 6. The Judiciary and Genocide Prevention 7. Technology and Genocide Prevention 8. The Media and Genocide Prevention 9. Reconciliation and Genocide Prevention 10. Traditional Methods of Conflict Prevention 11. Memorialization and Genocide Prevention ### Conclusion (Back to Top) ### Chapter 1: The Practice of Genocide Prevention Genocide and mass atrocity prevention is a collective enterprise, where the knowledge and implementation of relevant interventions must be realistic and sustainably practical. This occurs through the application of relevant policies, social, political and economic reforms, education and training, public awareness and sensitization, and other projects targeting vulnerable groups. It is done by states, organizations and individuals with a clear commitment to prevention at international, regional, national and grassroots levels. In the practice of prevention, the above differentiation helps in the articulation of complementary roles that together should demonstrate a shared responsibility to prevent between levels of actors. This is because crimes of genocide and mass atrocities require various operational and legal approaches to produce different but complementary experiences and institutional responses to protect vulnerable communities and victims in potential or actual contexts of genocide or mass atrocities. The following resources help to explain genocide and prevention as concepts, articulate associated processes, risk factors, and indicators, and provide experiences of prevention as a practice from a human rights, security, justice and peacebuilding perspectives. Other experiences contain lessons learned from early warning systems, including data collection and verification challenges that may compromise effective prevention. Other resources focus on how to prevent by providing practitioners, policy makers and citizens with policy options, guidelines and practices for effective implementation of prevention, including the Responsibility to Protect, are made available in the following chapters. ### i. Genocide and Prevention as Concepts, their Process and Possible Indicators Scott Straus, the University of Denver, October 2011 Jacob Blaustein Institute for the Advancement of Human Rights, the University of Denver, 2011 Jacob Blaustein Institute for the Advancement of Human Rights, [Manual on Human Rights and the Prevention of Genocide](http://www.jbi-humanrights.org/jacob-blaustein-institute/2015/04/jbi-launches-manual-on-human-rights-and-the-prevention-of-genocide.html), 2015 USAID, the University of Denver the University of Denverthe University of Denver the University of Denver, September 2014 Mohammad Abed, the University of Denver, July 2006 Moolakkattu Stephen John, the University of Denver, January 2005 Alex J. Bellamy and Stephen McLoughlin, the University of Denver the University of Denver, June 2009 David Scheffer, "[Genocide and Atrocity Crimes](http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1228&context=gsp)," Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal, 2006, Vol. 1: Iss. 3: Article 3 MAJ Stephen Matthew Wisniew, [Early Warning Signs and Indicators to Genocide and Mass Atrocity](https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=732038), 2012 Sheri P. Rosenberg, [Genocide Is a Process, Not an Event](http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1045&context=gsp), Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal, 2012, Vol. 7: Iss. 1 Peter Wallensteen and Frida Möller, the University of Denver, Uppsala Peace Research Paper No 7 Erik Melander and Claire Pigache, the University of Denver, 2007 Rhiannon S. Neilsen, [‘Toxification’ as a More Precise Early Warning Sign for Genocide than Dehumanization? An Emerging Research Agenda](http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1277&context=gsp), Genocide Studies and Prevention, An International Journal, 2015, Vol. 9: Iss. 1. pp.83-95 Robert I. Rotberg (ed), [Mass Atrocity Crimes: Preventing Future Outrages](http://www.brookings.edu/research/books/2010/massatrocitycrimes), Brookings Institute Press, 2010 Jacob Blaustein Institute for the Advancement of Human Rights, the University of Denver, 2011 Frank Chalk, ['Genocide in the 20th Century': Definition of Genocide and their Implications for Prediction and Prevention](http://hgs.oxfordjournals.org/content/4/2/149.full.pdf+html), Holocaust Genocide Studies (1989) 4 (2): 149-160 Róisín Hinds and Becky Carter, the University of Denver, June 2015 Barbara Harff, the University of Denver, American Political Science Review Vol. 97, No. 1 February 2003 Birger Heldt, [Mass Atrocity Early Warning Systems: Data Gathering, Data Verification and Other Challenges](http://poseidon01.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=624013110082094070001023028105091011052056061029027087091072074125103064125122065074053002099029105061121072071025069068074071039041082054021072085024121125065004100062032055071012072013099026124106074120089107088097126114120068079027102001095095111&EXT=pdf&TYPE=2), March 2012 Dimitri Semenovich, Arcot Sowmya and Benjamin E. Goldsmith, the University of Denver, 2012 Saferworld, the University of Denver, March 2015 Benjamin E. Goldsmith, Charles Robert Butcher, Dimitri Semenovich, and Arcot Sowmya, [A Two-Stage Approach to Predicting Genocide and Politicide Onset in a Global Dataset](http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2027396), March 2012 Scott Straus, What Is Being Prevented? Genocide, Mass Atrocity, and Conceptual Ambiguity in the Anti-Atrocity Movement, in Sheri P. Rosenberg, Tibi Galis and Alex Zucker, [Reconstructing Atrocity Prevention](http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/law/criminal-law/reconstructing-atrocity-prevention), Cambridge University Press, 2015 Alexander L. George, [Strategies for Preventive Diplomacy and Conflict Resolution: Scholarship for Policy-making](https://www.jstor.org/stable/420771?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents), American Political Science Association, Vol. 33, No. 1, 2000 Alex Bellamy, the University of Denver, The Stanley Foundation, April, 2016 Okey Uzoechina, the University of Denver, ALC Research Report No. 3, August, 2008 Jennifer M. Welsh and Serena K. Sharma, the University of Denver, Oxford Institute for Ethics, Law, and Armed Conflict [Podcast] United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, [Voices on Genocide Prevention](https://itunes.apple.com/us/itunes-u/voices-on-genocide-prevention/id427279111?mt=10), iTunes [Podcast] Marshall Poe, [New Books in Genocide Studies](https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/new-books-in-global-ethics/id425364922?mt=2), iTunes [Podcast] Scott Straus, [Fundamentals of Genocide and Mass Atrocity Prevention](http://newbooksnetwork.com/scott-straus-fundamentals-of-genocide-and-mass-atrocity-prevention-us-holocaust-memorial-museum-2016/), New Books Network, July, 2016 [Podcast] Hasia R. Diner, Gerald Gahima, Chuck Meyers, Kathleen Z. Young, [Genocide Conference Panel 1: “Defining the 'Crime without a Name'”](http://chiasmos.uchicago.edu/2007-2008/humanrights-080405-genocide_panel1.shtml), The University of Chicago’s International and Area Studies Multi Media Outreach Source, April 5, 2008 [Podcast] Dr. Helen Fein, [Genocide-Causes and Prevention](http://hosts.blogtalkradio.com/global-impact/2009/09/25/global-justice-war-crimes-genocide), Global Impact, 2010 ### ii. What is Genocide and Mass Atrocity Prevention and How to Prevent Carnegie Commission, the University of Denver, 1997 Gareth Evans (International Crisis Group), [What We Know about Preventing Deadly Conflict: A Practitioner’s Guide](http://www.cairn-int.info/load_pdf.php?download=1&ID_ARTICLE=E_PE_061_0091), January 2006 Francis M. Deng, the University of Denver, Talking Points at the All-Party Group for the Prevention of Genocide and Other Crimes Against Humanity, May 2010 the University of Denver, United Nations, 2014 United States Institute of Peace (USIP), the University of Denver, February 2009 Dr. Gregory Stanton, the University of Denver , Speech given at the Raphael Lemkin Centenary Conference, London, 18 October 2000 Matthew C. Waxman (Council on Foreign Relations), [Intervention to Stop Genocide and Mass Atrocities](http://www.cfr.org/genocide/intervention-stop-genocide-mass-atrocities/p20379), October 2009 Citizen Security Project, [Preventing Genocide in Juba: An Agenda for Peace in South Sudan](http://info.southsudanngoforum.org/dataset/2014-preventing-genocide-in-juba-an-agenda-for-peace-in-south-sudan), Africa Policy Institute, May 2014 Building Peace Forum, the University of Denver, September 2013 International Coalition for the Responsibility to Protect, the University of Denver Ruben Reike, Serena Sharma and Jennifer Welsh, the University of Denver, 2013 Lars Brozus, the University of Denver, December 2012 Michael S. Lund, the University of Denver Alex J. Ballamy, the University of Denver, February 2011 Robert Muggah and Natasha White, the University of Denver, February 2013 Seminar Report, the University of Denver, April 2007 Gareth Evans (International Crisis Group), [Preventing Deadly Conflict and the Problem of Political Will](http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/publication-type/speeches/2002/preventing-deadly-conflict-and-the-problem-of-political-will.aspx), October 2002 Elizabeth S. Rogers. ["Using Economic Sanctions to Prevent Deadly Conflict" CSIA Discussion Paper 96-02](http://belfercenter.hks.harvard.edu/publication/2852/using_economic_sanctions_to_prevent_deadly_conflict.html), Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, May 1996 Renata Dawn, the University of Denver, SIPRI Yearbook 2002: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security, 2002 Bridget Conley-Zilkic, The Pistol on the Wall: How Coercive Military Intervention Limits Atrocity Prevention Policies in Sheri P. Rosenberg, Tibi Galis and Alex Zucker, [Reconstructing Atrocity Prevention](http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/law/criminal-law/reconstructing-atrocity-prevention), Cambridge University Press, 2015 Aalex J. Bellamy, Operationalizing the “ Atrocity Prevention Lens” : Making Prevention a Living Reality, in Sheri P. Rosenberg, Tibi Galis and Alex Zucker, [Reconstructing Atrocity Prevention](http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/law/criminal-law/reconstructing-atrocity-prevention), Cambridge University Press, 2015 Edward C. Luck and Dana Zaret Luck The Individual Responsibility to Protect, in Sheri P. Rosenberg, Tibi Galis and Alex Zucker, [Reconstructing Atrocity Prevention](http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/law/criminal-law/reconstructing-atrocity-prevention), Cambridge University Press, 2015 Marie V. Gilbert, [The EU in West Africa: From Development to Diplomatic Policy?](http://www.peacepalacelibrary.nl/plinklet/index.php?ppn=332731588), in Eva Gross and Ana E. Juncos, EU Conflict Prevention and Crisis Management: Roles, Institutions and Policies, Routledge, 2011 James Waller, [Confronting Evil: Engaging Our Responsibility to Prevent Genocide](https://global.oup.com/academic/product/confronting-evil-9780199300709), pp. 1- 132 Oxford University Press, 2016 [Video] [Raphael Lemkin and the Creation of the word “Genocide”](http://endgenocide.org/learn/what-is-genocide/), United to End Genocide [Video] [Preventing Genocide](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HJJzY5-aKWM), United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, YouTube, March, 2014 [Video]Francis Deng, [Preventing Genocide](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=12bOaBunO08), Foreign Policy Association, YouTube, September, 2016 [Podcast] Steven L. Jacobs, [Lemkin on Genocide](http://newbooksnetwork.com/steven-l-jacobs-lemkin-on-genocide-lexington-books-2012-2/), New Books Network, April, 2014 (Back to Top) ### Chapter 2: Genocide Prevention and the State: Roles and Approaches The scale and depth of genocide and mass atrocity crimes afflicted on victim communities by individual perpetrators may be facilitated by the protective shield of the state. National policies, the judiciary, security sector, political ideology, systems and structures of the state can shield, but can also function to prevent these crimes. This chapter contains resources covering a range of initiatives, instruments and other approaches to guide engaging states and state actors towards being able to prevent genocide and mass atrocities at communal, national and regional/international levels. The resources outlined under this chapter focus on establishing and managing national structures and committees, strategies for developing relevant national policies, best practices and new tools for policy makers to prevent and respond to genocide and mass atrocities. More resources are also provided that contain strategies and approaches to the domestication and application of international instruments, genocide and mass atrocity risk assessments, analysis, and other various UN, African Union and regional instruments that can be applied to contribute to prevention. The chapter also highlights approaches to working with government structures, especially local governments at county, sub-county, parish and village levels. ### i. Establishing and Managing National Structures Auschwitz Institute for Peace and Reconciliation (AIPR), the University of Denver, 2015 Silvia Fernández de Gurmendi, “the University of Denver” James P. Finkel, the University of Denver, September 2014 Latin American Network for Genocide and Mass Atrocity Prevention, the University of Denver, 2014 Herb Hirsch, ["The Genocide Prevention Task Force: Recycling People and Policy"](http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol4/iss2/4), Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal, 2009, Vol. 4: Iss. 2 Henry C. Theriault, ["The Albright-Cohen Report: From Realpolitik Fantasy to Realist Ethics"](http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol4/iss2/11) Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal, 2009, Vol. 4: Iss. 2 International Coalition for the Responsibility to Protect, the University of Denver, April 2014 Genocide Prevention Advisory Network (GPANet), [Guiding Principles of the Emerging Architecture aiming at the Prevention of Genocide, War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity](http://scar.gmu.edu/publication/guiding-principles-of-emerging-architecture-aiming-prevention-of-genocide-war-crimes-and), 2012 John Norris and Annie Malknecht, the University of Denver, Center for American Progress, 2013 Walter Delrio, Diana Lenton, Marcelo Musante, and Marino Nagy, ["Discussing Indigenous Genocide in Argentina: Past, Present, and Consequences of Argentinean State Policies toward Native Peoples"](http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol5/iss2/3/), Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal, 2010, Vol. 5: Iss. 2: Article 3 The Stanley Foundation, the University of Denver , 2010 Alan J. Kuperman, ["Wishful Thinking Will Not Stop Genocide: Suggestions for a More Realistic Strategy"](http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol4/iss2/10), Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal, 2009, Vol. 4: Iss. 2 Freedom House, the University of Denver the University of Denver, 2014 The International Coalition for the Responsibility to Protect (ICRtoP), [Latin America and the Caribbean](http://www.responsibilitytoprotect.org/index.php/americas#individual) the University of Denver (CNLG) Martin Mennecke, ["Genocide Prevention and International Law"](http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol4/iss2/7/), Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal, 2009, Vol. 4: Iss. 2 National Directorate on Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law, the University of Denver, Ministry of Defense of Argentina The Global Raphael Lemkin Seminar for Genocide Prevention Series Alumni Meeting (Arusha Meeting), the University of Denver the University of Denver , 2013 [The White House Fact Sheet: A comprehensive strategy and new tools to prevent and respond to atrocities](https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2012/04/23/fact-sheet-comprehensive-strategy-and-new-tools-prevent-and-respond-atro), Presidential Study Directive 10 (PSD-10), 2011 United to End Genocide, [The United States Atrocity Prevention Board (APB)](http://endgenocide.org/learn/preventing-future-genocides/the-atrocities-prevention-board/) Madeline K. Albright and William S. Cohen,the University of Denver, US Genocide Prevention Taskforce, 2008 [Conflict Trends 2016/1](http://www.accord.org.za/publication/conflict-trends-20161/), African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes, May 2016 Kwesi Aning and Frank Okyere, the University of Denver, The Stanley Foundation, January, 2015 [Video] [Charting the U.S. Atrocities Prevention Board's Progress](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sPKslQCA-jU), Council on Foreign Relations, YouTube, March, 2015 ### ii. Application of International/Regional Instruments and Norms (AU, IGAD, ICGLR, EAC, SADC,UN, R2P and ICC) ### AFRICAN UNION In 2001, member states signed into effect the Constitutive Act establishing the African Union. The AU aims to promote the human rights of the African People and peace, security and stability in the continent. Article 4 (h) of the constitutive act also reaffirms the norm of ‘responsibility to protect’ in regards to the prevention of genocide and crimes against humanity. Organization of African Unity (OAU), [Constitutive Act of the African Union](http://www.refworld.org/docid/4937e0142.html), July 2000, Organization of African Unity (OAU), [African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights ("Banjul Charter")](http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3630.html), June 1982 African Union, the University of Denver, January 2005 African Union, the University of Denver, 2002 African Union, the University of Denver, 2000 Ben Kioko, the University of Denver , 2003 Bukeni Waruzi, [The African Union vs. The International Criminal Court: where should African victims seek justice?](http://www.huffingtonpost.com/bukeni-waruzi/the-african-union-vs-the-_b_3472631.html), The Huffington Post, June 2013 Tim Murithi, the University of Denver, 2009 Stephen Burgess, ["The African Standby Force, Genocide, and International Relations Theory"](http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1068&context=gsp) Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal, 2011, Vol. 6: Iss. 2: Article 4 Budapest Centre for the International Prevention of Genocide and Mass Atrocities, the University of Denver, March 2015 Lindsay Alexander, Adam Higazi, James Mackie, Javier Niño-Perez and Andrew Sherriff, the University of Denver the University of Denver, October 2003 Rachel Davis, Benjamin Majekodunmi and Judy Smith-Höhn, the University of Denver, International Peace Institute, June, 2008 [Video] “[Prevention is Better Than Cure](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9t2PwDBMf1Q)” - Conflict Prevention and Early Warning Division, African Union Peace and Security Department, YouTube, November, 2013 ### INTER-GOVERNMENTAL AUTHORITY ON DEVELOPMENT (IGAD) [Agreement Establishing the Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD)](http://igad.int/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_details&gid=77&Itemid=144) IGAD, the University of Denver Sally Healy, the University of Denver, November 2009 IGAD, [Regional Action Plan for Implementations of UNSC Resolution 1325 (2000) and 1820 (2000)](http://igad.int/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_details&gid=63&Itemid=144) the University of Denver [IGAD CEWARN Thematic and Country Specific Reports Relating to Peace and Security Issues](http://www.cewarn.org/index.php?lang=en) ### INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON THE GREAT LAKES REGION (ICGLR) The International Conference on the Great Lakes Region (ICGLR) was founded in 2004 with the main objective of consolidating peace and security and to prevent the occurrence of international crimes (including genocide) in the Great Lakes Region. In November 2004, the twelve member states of the ICGLR effectively signed the Pact on Security, Stability and Development in the Great Lakes Region. The Pact includes 10 Protocols, 4 programmes of action with 33 priority projects and is available the University of Denver (last amended 2012). The ten legally binding protocols are: - Protocol on Non-aggression and Mutual Defense in the Great Lakes Region - Protocol on Democracy and Good Governance - Protocol on Judicial Cooperation - Protocol for the Prevention and the Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity and all forms of Discrimination - Protocol Against the Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources - Protocol on the Specific Reconstruction and Development Zone - Protocol on the Prevention and Suppression of Sexual Violence Against Women and Children - Protocol on the Protection and Assistance to Internally Displaced Persons - Protocol on the Property Rights of Returning Persons - Protocol on the Management of Information and Communication ICGLR, the University of Denver the University of Denver, 2004 Angela Ndinga-Muvumba, the University of Denver, August 2012 ICGLR, the University of Denver, 2006 Ambassador Liberata Mulamula (Executive Secretary of the ICGLR), the University of Denver, March 2010 the University of Denver ### EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY (EAC) The East African Community is composed of Uganda, the Republic of Tanzania, Kenya, Burundi and Rwanda. The Treaty for the establishment of the East African Community came into force in 2000 following ratifications by the three original member states. Amongst other objectives, the EAC aims to promote peace, security and stability in the region. East African Community (EAC), [Treaty for the Establishment of the East African Community](http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/other_treaties/text.jsp?file_id=173330) (last amended 2007) East African Community (EAC), [Protocol on Peace and Security](http://www.eac.int/legal/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=203&Itemid=47) Cecilia Hull, Emma Skeppström and Karl Sörenson, the University of Denver, 2011 United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the University of Denver, March 2012 ### SOUTHERN AFRICA DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY (SADC) SADC, the University of Denver (1992) SADC, the University of Denver SADC, the University of Denver, Revised Version, 2010 ### UNITED NATIONS (UN) In 2004, the then Secretary General of the United Nations, Kofi Annan appointed a Special Advisor on the Prevention of Genocide and subsequently established the Office of the UN Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide. The mandate and work of the Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide is complimentary to the Special Adviser on the Responsibility to Protect. UN General Assembly, [Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide](http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3ac0.html), 9 December 1948 UN Human Rights Council, the University of Denver Christoph Mikulaschek, the University of Denver, Report from the 39th International Peace Institute Vienna seminar on peacemaking and peacekeeping United Nations, the University of Denver, 2014 United Nations, [The Human Rights Council Discusses the Prevention of Genocide (high level panel discussion)](http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=14334&LangID=E), 7 March 2014 Deborah Mayersen, [Current and Potential Capacity for the Prevention of Genocide and Mass Atrocities within the United Nations System](http://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2305&context=artspapers), 2010 Kofi Annan, [Five Point Action Plan to Prevent Genocide](http://www.preventgenocide.org/prevent/UNdocs/KofiAnnansActionPlantoPreventGenocide7Apr2004.htm), 2004 UN Human Rights Council, the University of Denver, March 2013 UNITAR Peace and Security Series, the University of Denver, Seminar Report, 2-3 April 2007 Dr. Gregory H. Stanton, [The Ten Stages of Genocide](http://genocidewatch.net/genocide-2/8-stages-of-genocide/), 2013 United Nations, the University of Denver, booklet Payam Akhavan, the University of Denver, 2005 United Nations, the University of Denver, January 2005 Hannibal Travis, [The United Nations and Genocide Prevention: The Problem of Racial and Religious Bias](http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2500977), Genocide Studies International, 8(2) (2014), pp. 122-152 Ekkehard Strauss, A Short Story of a Long Effort: The United Nations and the Prevention of Mass Atrocities, in Sheri P. Rosenberg, Tibi Galis and Alex Zucker, [Reconstructing Atrocity Prevention](http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/law/criminal-law/reconstructing-atrocity-prevention), Cambridge University Press, 2015 [Video] [Eight Stages of Genocide as explained by Gregory H. Stanton](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IU6bC2AYHt8), Genocide Watch, YouTube, December, 2010 [Video] [Outreach Programme on the Rwanda Genocide and the United Nations](http://www.un.org/en/preventgenocide/rwanda/about/preventgenocide.shtml) ### RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT In 2004, the then Secretary General of the United Nations appointed a Special Adviser on the Responsibility to Protect. The work of the advisor would compliment the mandate of the Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide. The international norm of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) recognizes that the primary duty to protect citizens from genocide lies with the state but also reaffirms the duty of the international community, international and regional organization. In accordance with her mandate, the Special Adviser submits [reports on varied themes](http://www.un.org/en/preventgenocide/adviser/documents.shtml) to the Secretary General. United Nations Security Council (UNSC),the University of Denver, 2006 United Nations Security Council (UNSC), [Resolution 1653](http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/1653(2006)), 2006 United Nations, the University of Denver, Report of the High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change, 2004 Edward C. Luck, the University of Denver, 2011 Gareth Evans, the University of Denver, 2011 Gareth Evans, the University of Denver Elizabeth More, ["International Humanitarian Law and Interventions—Rwanda, 1994"](http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol2/iss2/5), Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal, 2007, Vol. 2: Iss. 2 United Nations, the University of Denver, June 2011 United Nations, [Early Warning, Assessment and the Responsibility to Protect (Report of the Secretary-General)](http://www.responsibilitytoprotect.org/N1045020(1).pdf), July 2010 United Nations, the University of Denver, 2009 Madeline K. Albright and Richard S. Williamson, the University of Denver, United States Institute of Peace, 2013 Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect, the University of Denver, May 2010 Philip Verwimp, the University of Denver, Paper presented to the Genocide Studies Program Seminar, Yale University, 1998 Kuperman, Alan J. (2009) ["Darfur: Strategic Victimhood Strikes Again?"](http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol4/iss3/3) Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal, 2009, Vol. 4: Iss. 3 Jason Ralph, the University of Denver, report written for the United Nations Association – UK, 2014 Gentian Zyberi, [An Institutional Approach to the Responsibility to Protect](http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/law/un-and-international-organisations/institutional-approach-responsibility-protect), Cambridge University Press, 2013 [Video] [A Brief History of R2P](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zql34A4elhY), Foreign Policy Association, YouTube, May, 2013 [Video] [The United States and R2P: From Words to Action](https://www.ushmm.org/confront-genocide/speakers-and-events/all-speakers-and-events/the-united-states-and-r2p-from-words-to-action), The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum [Video] [R2P After Libya with Gareth Evans](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lF0t5uv9AHY), Chatham House, YouTube, October, 2011 [Video] Kofi Annan, [The Responsibility to Protect 10 Years On: Reflections on Its Past, Present and Future](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ohzVUuUsn3g), Centre for International Policy Studies Ottawa, YouTube, December, 2011 [Video] [Humanitarianism and the R2P doctrine: A Conversation with Professor Gareth Evans](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wEUNzAKZuxQ), ANU TV, YouTube, October, 2013 ### INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT (ICC) and other Specialized Tribunals The Rome Statue establishing the International Criminal Court came into force in 2002 after ratification by 60 member states. The Court is permanently located in the Hague, the Netherlands and is mandated to prosecute the most serious crimes of international concern including: genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and the crime of aggression. Although, the court does not undertake preventative measure, the mere existence of the Court is a powerful deterrent. UN General Assembly, [Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court](http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3a84.html) (last amended 2010), 17 July 1998 the University of Denver, International Criminal Court Victor Peskin,["The International Criminal Court, the Security Council, and the Politics of Impunity in Darfur"](http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol4/iss3/4) Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal, 2009, Vol. 4: Iss. 3 Andreas Zimmermann, the University of Denver Vera Gowlland-Debbas , “the University of Denver?”, January 2008 William A. Schabas, ["Genocide and the International Court of Justice: Finally, a Duty to Prevent the Crime of Crimes"](http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol2/iss2/2) Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal, 2007, Vol. 2: Iss. 2 [Is the International Criminal Court (ICC) targeting Africa inappropriately?](http://iccforum.com/africa), Panel Discussion, ICCForum.com The International Center for Ethics, Justice, and Public Life (Brandeis University), the University of Denver, February 2010 United States Institute of Peace, the University of Denver, Report, January 1995 Human Rights Watch (HRW), the University of Denver, September 2001 René Blattmann, the University of Denver, Politorbis, 2007 Chris Mahony, [Witness Protection in Africa](https://www.issafrica.org/publications/books/the-justice-sector-afterthought-witness-protection-in-africa), Institute for Security Studies (ISS), 2010 United States Institute of Peace, the University of Denver**,** June 2004 William A. Schabas, the University of Denver, Genocide Studies Program, Yale Center for International and Area Studies, Working Paper GS 11, 1999 Sheri P. Rosenberg, Audacity of Hope: International Criminal Law, Mass Atrocity Crimes, and Prevention, in Sheri P. Rosenberg, Tibi Galis and Alex Zucker, [Reconstructing Atrocity Prevention](http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/law/criminal-law/reconstructing-atrocity-prevention), Cambridge University Press, 2015 Memorandum of Understanding Between the East African Community (EAC) and the Auschwitz Institute for Peace and Reconciliation (AIPR) on Cooperation on the Prevention of Genocide and Other Mass Atrocities, The Auschwitz Institute for Peace and Reconciliation, May, 2016 ### iii. Working with Organs of the State: Institutions for Running the Affairs of the State e.g. the Executive, Parliament, Judiciary, the Military and the Police Marko Milanovic, [State Responsibility for Genocide](http://ejil.oxfordjournals.org/content/17/3/553.full.pdf+html), The European Journal of International Law, Vol. 17 (3), 2006 Vera Gowlland-Debbas, the University of Denver, Seminar paper on the prevention of Genocide, 21 January 2009 Republic of South Africa, the University of Denver the University of Denver, Vol 1, October 1998 Nikolaos Hlamides, ["The Greek Relief Committee: America's Response to the Greek Genocide (A Research Note)"](http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol3/iss3/9), Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal, 2008, Vol. 3: Iss. 3 Linda Melvern, ["The UK Government and the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda"](http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol2/iss3/5), Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal: Vol. 2: Iss. 3, 2007 Rob McCormick, ["The United States’ Response to Genocide in the Independent State of Croatia, 1941–1945"](http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol3/iss1/6), Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal, 2008, Vol. 3: Iss. 1 Hollie Nyseth Brehm, Christopher Uggen, and Jean-Damascène Gasanabo, the University of Denver, Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 2014 Institute of Global Policy, the University of Denver Samuel Totten, ["The US Investigation into the Darfur Crisis and the US Government's Determination of Genocide"](http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol1/iss1/9), Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal, 2006, Vol. 1: Iss. 1 The Open Society Justice Initiative, the University of Denver, 2011 United Nations, [Responsibility to Protect: State Responsibility and Prevention – Report of the Secretary General](http://responsibilitytoprotect.org/UNSG Report on RtoP and State Responsibility and Prevention(1).pdf), 2013 International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), the University of Denver, 2015 Michael E. O’Hanlon, [Army Genocide Prevention Unit](http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2006/may/6/20060506-112354-6027r/), The Washington Times, 2006 UN Office of the Special Advisers on the Prevention of Genocide and the Responsibility to Protect, Rthe University of Denver, Juba, South Sudan, 25 -29 July 2011, Kate Doyle, [The Guatemala Genocide Case, The Audiencia Nacional, Spain](http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/guatemala/genocide/round1.htm), The National Security Archives, George Washington University, 2008 UN Human Rights Council, [Report by OHCHR, OSAPPG, and Secretary General on Prevention of Genocide](http://www.gpanet.org/webfm_send/70) Carr Center for Human Rights Policy, Harvard Kennedy School and the US Army Peacekeeping and Stability Operations Institute, the University of Denver, 2010, U.S. Army Peacekeeping and Stability Operations Institute, [Mass Atrocity Prevention And Response Options (MAPRO): A Policy Planning Handbook](http://cgsc.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p4013coll11/id/2015), March 2012 Andrew Feinstein, Through the Barrel of a Gun: Can Information from the Global Arms Trade Contribute to Genocide Prevention?, in Sheri P. Rosenberg, Tibi Galis and Alex Zucker, [Reconstructing Atrocity Prevention](http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/law/criminal-law/reconstructing-atrocity-prevention), Cambridge University Press, 2015 Dwight Raymond Military Means of Preventing Mass Atrocities, in Sheri P. Rosenberg, Tibi Galis and Alex Zucker, [Reconstructing Atrocity Prevention](http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/law/criminal-law/reconstructing-atrocity-prevention), Cambridge University Press, 2015 George A. Lopez , Mobilizing Economic Sanctions for Preventing Mass Atrocities: From Targeting Dictators to Enablers, in Sheri P. Rosenberg, Tibi Galis and Alex Zucker, [Reconstructing Atrocity Prevention](http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/law/criminal-law/reconstructing-atrocity-prevention), Cambridge University Press, 2015 the University of Denver, Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect, United Nations Paola Gaeta, the University of Denver, European Journal of International Law, Vol.18 (4), 2007 [Podcast] Hasia R. Diner, Gerald Gahima, Chuck Meyers, Kathleen Z. Young, [Genocide Conference Panel 2: “Prevention and Response,”](http://chiasmos.uchicago.edu/2007-2008/humanrights-080405-genocide_panel2.shtml) The University of Chicago’s International and Area Studies Multi Media Outreach Source, April 5, 2008. ### iv. Working with Local Governments: County, Sub – County, Parish and Village Council/Committees Martha Mutisi, the University of Denver, Integrating Traditional and Modern Conflict Resolution Experiences from selected cases in Eastern and the Horn of Africa, 2012 Rachael Diprose and Ukoha Ukiwo, the University of Denver, Crises Working Paper No. 49, February 2008 Einar Braathen and Sirin Bjerkreim Hellevik, Decentralization, the University of Denver, Journal of Peace, Conflict and Development Issue 12, May 2008 African Union, the University of Denver Rao S., Scott Z. and Alam M., the University of Denver, Birmingham, UK: GSDRC, University of Birmingham, 2014 the University of Denver, Republic of Rwanda Ministry of Local Government and Social Affairs, May, 2001 John-Mary Kauzya, the University of Denver, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations, December, 2007 Joseph Siegle and Patrick O’Mahony, the University of Denver, 2006 United Nations (Department of Economics and Social Affairs), the University of Denver, 2010 James Bibi Maiah Vincent, [A village–up View of Sierra Leone’s Civil War and Reconstruction](http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1759-5436.12005/pdf), IDS Bulletin, January 2013 Jean Paul Faguet, the University of Denver, Economic Organisation and Public Policy Discussion Papers, EOPP 027. London School of Economics and Political Science, London, 2011 Elliott D. Green, [Decentralization and conflict in Uganda](http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/21927/1/Decentralisation_and_conflict_in_Uganda_(LSERO_version).pdf), Conflict, Security and Development 8 (4), 2008. pp. 427-450 [A list of organizations both International and Indigenous, working in the genocide prevention field](http://genocidepreventionnow.org/Home/HOLOCAUSTANDGENOCIDEREVIEWHGR/DirectoryofOrganizationsforGenocideAwareness.aspx) [The Agahozo – Shalom Youth Village](http://www.asyv.org/mission) (Back to Top) ### Chapter 3: Genocide Prevention and Civil Society: Roles and Approaches The visibility and influence of the civil society, in form of legally or otherwise constituted organizations or groups to advance the wellbeing of targeted communities, continues to grow worldwide. A number of these non-state actors are working in the field of peace building and have gradually become vital “people-centered” voices that provide alternative explanations to “state-centered” discourses emanating from genocide and mass atrocity situations. This chapter provides resources concerning working with the civil society involving political, religious, traditional and non-governmental organizations, and those working with vulnerable groups like women, youth, minorities and grassroots communities. The resources highlight various roles and approaches towards genocide and mass atrocity prevention, including engaging in early prevention, interfacing with the state and political leaders in governance and democratization processes, violence prevention and peace building. They also cover faith-based and traditional approaches to mediation, conflict transformation, reconciliation and post-conflict reconstruction. Towards the end, the chapter focuses on working with women, youth, and minorities, as some of the most vulnerable groups that are often specifically affected by genocide and mass atrocity crimes. This section also highlights resources discussing the preventive roles they can play in leadership, security, social integration, building safer and resilient communities. ### **i. Working with Political Organizations** The Centre for Conflict Resolution, the University of Denver, 2006 The United States Genocide Prevention Taskforce, the University of Denver Samuel Atuobi, [State-Civil Society Interface in Liberia’s Post-Conflict Peacebuilding](http://www.kaiptc.org/Publications/Occasional-Papers/Documents/no_30.aspx)**,** KAIPTC Occasional Paper No. 30, November 2010 Robert Melson, ["Churchill in Munich: The Paradox of Genocide Prevention"](http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol3/iss3/5), Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal, 2008, Vol. 3: Iss. 3 Benjamin Reilly and Per Nordlund, the University of Denver, United Nations University Press, 2008 Matthias Bjørnlund, [“'When the Cannons Talk, the Diplomats Must Be Silent': A Danish Diplomat in Constantinople during the Armenian Genocide"](http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol1/iss2/8) Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal, 2006, Vol. 1: Iss. 2 Ernesto Verdeja, ["On Situating the Study of Genocide within Political Violence"](http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol7/iss1/9) Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal, 2012, Vol. 7: Iss. 1 ### ii. Working with Religious Leaders and Institutions the University of Denver, Fez, Morocco, 24 April, 2015 the University of Denver, Fez, Morocco, 24 April, 2015 Susan Hayward, the University of Denver, United States Institute of Peace, 2012 Christopher Tuckwood, the University of Denver, United States Institute of Peace, the University of Denver, 2001 David Steele, the University of Denver, USIP Susan Hayward, the University of Denver, USIP, 2010 United States Institute of Peace, the University of Denver, 2003 Michelle G. Garred and Sister Joan D. Castro, [Conflict-Sensitive Expressions of Faith in Mindanao: A Case Study, Journal of Religion, Conflict and Peace](http://www.religionconflictpeace.org/volume-4-issue-2-spring-2011/conflict-sensitive-expressions-faith-mindanao-case-study), 2011, Vol 4 (2) Michael Kalin and Niloufer Siddiqui, the University of Denver, USIP, 2014 Frida Kerner Furman, [Religion and Peace building: Grassroots Efforts by Israelis and Palestinians, Journal of Religion, Conflict and Peace](http://www.religionconflictpeace.org/volume-4-issue-2-spring-2011/religion-and-peacebuilding-grassroots-efforts-israelis-and-palestinians), 2011, Vol 4 (2) United States Institute of Peace, the University of Denver , 2001 Susan Hayward, the University of Denver,Politorbis, 2009, Nr. 47 - 2 David Smock, the University of Denver, USIP, 2008 Dr. Sara Silvestri et James Mayall, [Le rôle de la religion dans les conflits et la consolidation de la paix](http://www.britac.ac.uk/news/role-religion-conflict-and-peacebuilding), The British Academy, septembre, 2015 ### iii. Working with Non Governmental Organizations (NGO’s) Phoebe Wynn–Pope, the University of Denver, OxFam Australia, November, 2009 Rosemarie McNairn, [Building capacity to resolve conflict in communities: Oxfam experience in Rwanda, Gender & Development](http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13552070412331332340), 2004, 12:3, 83-93 Masaki Sawa, [Evaluation of the Roles of NGOs in Preventing Genocide: A Theoretical Approach and its Evaluation](http://www.cgs.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp/download/cgs03_05_sawa), Comparative Genocide Studies 2012-2013, Vol. 3 Fred Tanner, [Conflict Prevention and Conflict Resolution: Limits of Multilateralism](https://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/article/other/57jqq2.htm), International Review of the Red Cross, No. 839 Task Force on the EU Prevention of Mass Atrocities, the University of Denver, February 2013 Kerry Whigham, Performing Prevention: Civil Society, Performance Studies, and the Role of Public Activismin Genocide Prevention, in Sheri P. Rosenberg, Tibi Galis and Alex Zucker, [Reconstructing Atrocity Prevention](http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/law/criminal-law/reconstructing-atrocity-prevention), Cambridge University Press, 2015 Gareth Evans, the University of Denver, Speech, February, 2001 There are a number of Non Governmental Organizations (NGO’s) working in the genocide/mass atrocity prevention field. These NGO’s distributed across the globe provide for various resources and programs on prevention. Below is a comprehensive list of NGO’s with a link to their resource page: [Amnesty International](https://www.amnesty.org/en/) [All Party Parliamentary Group for the Prevention of Genocide and Other Crimes Against Humanity](http://www.preventiongenocide.org) Auschwitz Institute for Peace and Reconciliation (AIPR) [Center for Peacebuilding](http://unvocim.net/eng/) (CIM), Bosnia and Herzegovina [Coalition for the International Criminal Court](http://www.iccnow.org/?mod=documents) (CICC) [Coordinadora Regional de Investigaciones Económicas y Sociales](http://www.cries.org) (CRIES) [Genocide Prevention Advisory Network](http://www.gpanet.org) (GPANet) [Genocide Prevention Now](http://www.genocidepreventionnow.org/AboutUs.aspx) (GPN) [Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect](http://www.globalr2p.org/publications/) (GCR2P) [Genocide Watch](http://www.genocidewatch.net) [Human Rights Watch](http://www.hrw.org) (HRW) [Institute for Security Studies](http://www.issafrica.org) (ISS) [International Association of Genocide Scholars](http://www.genocidescholars.org/#sthash.uyxfms01.dpufa) (IAGS) [International Centre for Transitional Justice](https://www.ictj.org/about) (ICTJ) [International Crisis Group](http://www.crisisgroup.org) (ICG) [International Committee of the Red Cross](https://www.icrc.org/en/resource-centre) (ICRC) The Genocide Studies Program at [Yale University’s MacMillan Center for International and Area Studies](http://gsp.yale.edu/about-gsp) [The International Coalition for the Responsibility to Protect](http://www.responsibilitytoprotect.org) (ICRtoP) [The Enough Project](http://www.enoughproject.org/about) [The Jacob Balustien Institute for the Advancement of Human Rights](http://www.jbi-humanrights.org) (JBI) [The Stanley Foundation](http://www.stanleyfoundation.org) [The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum](http://www.ushmm.org) [United States Institute of Peace](http://www.usip.org) (USIP) [United to End Genocide](http://endgenocide.org) [Video] Genocide Watch, [Video Section](http://genocidewatch.net/category/video/) ### iv. Working with Traditional Leaders Roger Blench, Selbut Longtau, Umar Hassan and Martin Walsh, the University of Denver, as prepared for DFID Nigeria, November 2006, Martha Mutisi, the University of Denver, October 2011 Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Liberia, [The Role of Religious and Traditional Institutions during Conflict and in Peacebuilding](http://www.religionconflictpeace.org/volume-5-issue-1-and-2-fall-2011-spring-2012/role-religious-and-traditional-institutions-during),Fall 2011-Spring 2012, Volume 5, Issue 1 and 2 Volker Boege, the University of Denver, 2006 Jérôme Tubiana, Victor Tanner, and Musa Adam Abdul-Jalil, the University of Denver, United States Institute of Peace, November 2012 Olarinan Olusula and Arigu Aisha, [Traditional Rulers and Conflict Resolution: An Evaluation of Pre and Post-colonial Nigeria](http://pakacademicsearch.com/pdf-files/art/448/120-127 Vol 3, No 21 (2013).pdf), 2013 ### v. Working with Women and Youth ### Women UN Security Council, [Security Council Resolution 1325](http://www.refworld.org/docid/3b00f4672e.html), 2000, October, 2000 United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM, now known as UNWOMEN), the University of Denver Joseph Vess, Gary Barker, Sanam Naraghi-Anderlini, and Alexa Hassink, the University of Denver, USIP, December, 2013 Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, the University of Denver, September 2002 World Federalist Movement- Institute for Global Policy (WFM-IGP), the University of Denver the University of Denver, Conference Report, 22 June 2011 Susan Mcay, [Reconstructing Fragile Lives: Girls' Social Reintegration in Northern Uganda and Sierra Leone](http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13552070412331332280?src=recsys), 2004, Megan MacKenzie, [Securitization and Desecuritization: Female Soldiers and the Reconstruction of Women in Post-Conflict Sierra Leone](http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09636410902900061), 2009 Naomi R. Cahn, [Women in Post-Conflict Reconstruction: Dilemmas and Directions](http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmjowl/vol12/iss2/4), 2006, William & Mary Journal of Women and the Law Vol. 12, Iss. 2 U.S. Civil Society Working Group, the University of Denver Isobel Coleman, [Post-Conflict Reconstruction: The Importance of Women's Participation,](http://www.cfr.org/world/post-conflict-reconstruction-importance-womens-participation/p6909) Testimony before the Congressional Human Rights Caucus, 2004 Mary Michele Connellan, [Unloading “The Protection of Vulnerable Groups” and Considering Gender: When the Vulnerable Protect the Vulnerable](http://www.academia.edu/8249913/Unloading_the_protection_of_vulnerable_groups_and_considering_gender_When_the_vulnerable_protect_the_vulnerable), Paper for presentation at the Fourth Global International Studies Conference 2014, August 2014 Christiane Agboton Johnson, the University of Denver, April, 2013 Elisa von Joeden–Forgery, [Gender and the Future of Genocide Studies and Prevention](http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1051&context=gsp), Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal, 2012, Vol 7 (1) Reva N. Adler, Cyanne E. Loyle, Judith Globerman, ["A Calamity in the Neighborhood: Women's Participation in the Rwandan Genocide"](http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol2/iss3/3), Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal, 2007, Vol. 2: Iss. 3 Anuradha Chakravarty, ["Inter-ethnic Marriages, the Survival of Women, and the Logics of Genocide in Rwanda"](http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol2/iss3/4) , Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal, 2007, Vol. 2: Iss. 3, Valerie Norville, the University of Denver, United States Institute of Peace (2011), Elaine Zuckerman and Marcia Greenberg, the University of Denver, Gender and Development, 2004, Volume 12, Number 3 United Nations Division for the Advancement of Women, the University of Denver, Joint Workshop Report, July 2003 [Global Grassroots: Conscious Social Change for Women](http://www.globalgrassroots.org/) [Charting a New Course, Thought for Action Kit: Women Preventing Violent Extremism](http://www.usip.org/publications/2015/05/25/women-preventing-violent-extremism), The United States Institute of Peace, May, 2015 [UN Documents for Women, Peace and Security](http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/un-documents/women-peace-and-security/), Security Council Report ### Youth African Union (AU), the University of Denver, 2006 Henrik Urdal, the University of Denver, International Studies Quarterly, 2006, Iss. 50, No. 3 Bureau of Crisis Prevention and Recovery (UNDP), the University of Denver the University of Denver, April, 2005 Dabesaki Mac-Ikemenjima, the University of Denver, International NGO Journal, 2008, Vol. 3 (9). pp. 146-151 Mark Sommers, the University of Denver, Social Development Papers, Paper No. 32, January, 2016 Freedom C. Onuoha, the University of Denver, United States Institute of Peace (USIP), June 2014, Mercy Corps, the University of Denver USAID, the University of Denver, 2005 Marc Sommers and Stephanie Schwartz, the University of Denver, (USIP), November 2011 Marc Sommers and Peter Uvin, the University of Denver, United States Institute of Peace (USIP), October 2011 Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), the University of Denver, August, 2006 Thokozani Thusi and Angela McIntyre, the University of Denver, African Security Review, 2003, Vol. 12, No. 2 Ellie Keen, [Right to Remember: A Handbook for Education on Young People on the Roma Genocide](https://rm.coe.int/CoERMPublicCommonSearchServices/DisplayDCTMContent?documentId=090000168008b633), Council of Europe, 2014 Fabien Dushimirimana, Vincent Sezibera & Carl Auerbach, the University of Denver, 2014 Anna Larson and Noah Coburn, the University of Denver, USIP, January, 2014 Marc Sommers and Stephanie Schwartz, the University of Denver, USIP, 2011 Stephanie Schwartz, [The Dynamic Role of Youth in Post – Conflict Reconstruction: Lessons from Mozambique, Democratic Republic of Congo and Kosovo](http://wesscholar.wesleyan.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1212&context=etd_hon_theses), Wesleyan University, 2008 Stephanie Schwartz, [Youth and Post-Conflict Reconstruction: Agents of Change](https://bookstore.usip.org/books/BookDetail.aspx?productID=238605), USIP Press, May 2010 (Book) Theo Dolan and Christine Mosher, [Radio’s Power for Peace Among South Sudan’s Youth](http://www.usip.org/olivebranch/radio-s-power-peace-among-south-sudan-s-youth), USIP, August 2013 Neven Knezevic and W. Glenn Smith, the University of Denver, UNICEF, June, 2015 ### vi. Working with Minorities and Grassroots Communities Sarah Cliffe, Scott Guggenheim and Markus Kostner, the University of Denver, August, 2003 International Peace Academy, the University of Denver Minority Rights Group International, the University of Denver, Contribution of the United Nations Network on Racial discrimination and Protection of Minorities to the Seventh Session of the Forum on Minority Issues, November 2014 Andrew Woolford, ["Ontological Destruction: Genocide and Canadian Aboriginal Peoples"](http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol4/iss1/6), Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal, 2009, Vol. 4: Iss. 1 Lori Garcia-Alix and Robert K. Hitchcock, ["A Report from the Field: The Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples—Implementation and Implications"](http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol4/iss1/7), Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal, 2009, Vol. 4: Iss. 1 Diana Vinding and Robert K. Hitchcock, ["A Chronology of Important Events in the Genocides and Rights of Indigenous Peoples"](http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol4/iss1/8), Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal, 2009, Vol. 4: Iss. 1 Rachel Anderson Paul, [Grassroots mobilization and Diaspora politics: Armenian Interest Groups and the Role of Collective Memory](http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13537110008428586), Nationalism and Ethnic Politicas, Vol. 6 (1) Katherine Elinghaus, ["Biological Absorption and Genocide: A Comparison of Indigenous Assimilation Policies in the United States and Australia"](http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol4/iss1/5), Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal, 2009, Vol. 4: Iss. 1 Walter Delrio, Diana Lenton, Marcelo Musante, and Marino Nagy, ["Discussing Indigenous Genocide in Argentina: Past, Present, and Consequences of Argentinean State Policies toward Native Peoples"](http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol5/iss2/3) Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal, 2010, Vol. 5: Iss. 2 Arthur Molenaar, the University of Denver, Africa Studies Center, Lieden 2005 Evariste Karangwa, Pol Ghesquière and Patrick Devlieger, [The Grassroots Community in the Vanguard of Inclusion: the Post‐genocide Rwandan Prospects](http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13603110600790340#.VX_vGYcxHBI), International Journal of Inclusive Education, 2007, Vol 11 (5-6) (Back to Top) ### Chapter 4: Approaches to Early Warning and Early Response: Application and Management Early warning systems help to provide accurate, timely and useful information for identifying and tracking escalation of hostilities towards genocide and mass atrocities. Prevention occurs when results from assessment of risks are utilized to develop and implement relevant policies, tools, projects and other interventions, early enough to transform relationships, respond to root causes, and de-escalate the conflict. The following are some of the resources that can guide working with the states, international and regional organizations, and the civil society to achieve early warning, and to be able to provide early responses. The resources provide a range of systems and approaches that can be incorporated into policies and programs tailored for preventing violence and mass killings. Particularly, the resources cover conceptual and empirical dilemmas of early warning and early response, and also observations, best practices and lessons learnt from application of associated systems. They also include case studies that indicate strategies, methodology and possible tools for early warning in genocidal conditions, including unique perspectives on gender-based and community level approaches. Information is also provided on approaches to qualitative and quantitative data collection, analysis and verification, documentation and reporting. Finally the resources contain guidance on limitations of EW and ER, and offer some recommendations and options for redress. ### i. Existing Early Warning and Early Response frameworks for Genocide and Mass Atrocity Prevention: Lessons Learned and Best Practices Frederick Barton, Karin von Hippel, Sabina Saqueina and Mark Irvine, the University of Denver, Center for Strategic and International Studies, February, 2008 Conflict Prevention and Post–Conflict Reconstruction (CPR) Network, the University of Denver, Version 2.3 September 2005 Lawrence Woocher, the University of Denver, prepared for the Office of the Special Adviser to the UN Secretary-General on the Prevention of Genocide, September, 2006 Yale University, the University of Denver Birger Heldt, [Risks, Early Warning and Management of Atrocities and Genocide: Lessons from Statistical Research](http://poseidon01.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=195074122123116102125065078005001025053087027082034055099021095106113071068101088110053035120006007034111118086010103027008001126082004073093121022122098017002000065025005028065064124009075031027090123080107065031022082120064101064088090117119106092&EXT=pdf&TYPE=2), 2009, Politorbis, Vol. 47, No. 2. pp. 65-70 Helena Puig Larrauri and Tim Receveur, the University of Denver, Build Up and PeaceTech Lab Jessica Leaning and Patrick Meier, the University of Denver, The Harvard Humanitarian Initiative for Humanity United, May, 2008 Brigitte Rohwerder, the University of Denver, 2015 Rhiannon S. Neilsen, ["‘Toxification’ as a More Precise Early Warning Sign for Genocide than Dehumanization? An Emerging Research Agenda"](http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1277&context=gsp), Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal, 2015 Vol. 9: Iss. 1 UNWOMEN, the University of Denver, October 2012 MAJ Stephen Matthew Wisniew, [Early Warning Signs and Indicators to Genocide and Mass Atrocity](https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=732038), School of Advanced Military Studies, United States Army Command and General Staff College, 2012 Charles R. Butcher Benjamin E. Goldsmith Dimitri Semenovich and Arcot Sowmya, the University of Denver, Australian Responsibility to Protect Fund, the Asia-Pacific Centre for the Responsibility to Protect and the University of Queensland, 2012 Barbara Harff, the University of Denver, American Political Science Review, 2003, Vol. 97, No. 1 Anna Mateeva, the University of Denver, September 2006 Howard Adelman and Astri Suhrke, the University of Denver, Joint Evaluation of Emergency Assistance to Rwanda, March, 1996 Simon-Skjodt, Center for the Prevention of Genocide, the University of Denver, 2015 Madhawa Palihapitiya, [Early Warning, Early Response: Lessons from Sri Lanka](http://buildingpeaceforum.com/2013/09/early-warning-early-response-lessons-from-sri-lanka/), Alliance for Peacebuilding, September, 2013 Jennifer Leaning, Early Warning for Mass Atrocities: Tracking Escalation Parameters at the Population Level, in Sheri P. Rosenberg, Tibi Galis and Alex Zucker, [Reconstructing Atrocity Prevention](http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/law/criminal-law/reconstructing-atrocity-prevention), Cambridge University Press, 2015 Ernesto Verdeja, [Predicting Genocide and Mass Atrocities](http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1314&context=gsp), Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal, 2016, Vol. 9: Iss. 3 Fred Grünfeld Wessel Vermeulen, [Failures to Prevent Genocide in Rwanda (1994), Srebrenica (1995), and Darfur (since 2003)](http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1141&context=gsp), Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal, 2009, Vol. 4: Iss. 2 Dr. Gregory Stanton, the University of Denver, Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity, Thomson-Gale, 2005 [Video] [Genocide: A Preventable Crime-Understanding Early Warning of Mass Atrocities-Press Conference](http://webtv.un.org/You/watch/genocide-a-preventable-crime-understanding-early-warning-of-mass-atrocities-press-conference/3054268946001), UN Web TV, January, 2014 [Video] [Genocide-A Preventable Crime-Panel Discussion](http://webtv.un.org/www.unwomen.org/en/executive-board/documents/second-regular-session-2014/watch/genocide-a-preventable-crime-panel-discussion/3058914854001?page=4), UN Web TV, January, 2014 ### ii. Working with the State and Civil Society towards Early Warning International Coalition for the Responsibility to Protect, the University of Denver Richard Batley and Claire Mcloughlin, the University of Denver, February, 2009 Martina Fischer, the University of Denver, Berghof Foundation John Mark Opoku, [West African Conflict Early Warning and Early Response System: The Role of Civil Society Organizations](http://www.kaiptc.org/Publications/Occasional-Papers/Documents/Occassional-Paper-19.aspx), KAIPTC Paper, No. 19, September, 2007 Socheata Poeuv, [Genocide Prevention and Cambodian Civil Society](http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?ots591=0c54e3b3-1e9c-be1e-2c24-a6a8c7060233&lng=en&id=114592), February, 2009 Thelma Ekiyor, the University of Denver, The Complex Dynamics of Small Arms in West Africa, 2008 David-Ngendo Tshimba, the University of Denver, Thinking Africa, February, 2014 ### iii. Data Collection, Analysis and Verification for Early Warning and Early Response [Human Rights Data Analysis Group (HRDAG)](https://hrdag.org/publications/) Françoise Roth, Tamy Guberek and Amelia Hoover Green, the University of Denver, _Bogotá, Colombia: Corporación Punto de Vista & Benetech Technology Serving Humanity,_ March 2011 Romesh Silva and Jasmine Marwaha, the University of Denver, University of California at Berkeley and Ensaaf, August 2011 Romesh Silva, the University of Denver, Human Rights Data Analysis Group, February, 2013 Department of International Development (DFID), the University of Denver, March 2013 Jack A. Goldstone, the University of Denver, United States Institute of Peace, March 2008 Andrew J. Marx, the University of Denver, August 2013 Alexander Austin, the University of Denver, Berghof Research Center for Constructive Conflict Management, 2011 Megan Price and Patrick Ball, Big Data, the University of Denver, SAIS Review of International Affairs, 2014, Volume 34, Number 1. pp. 9-20 German Development Institute and UNDP, the University of Denver Henrik Lundin, Crisis and Conflict Prevention with an Internet Based Early Warning System, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Sweden Birger Heldt, [Mass Atrocities Early Warning Systems: Data Gathering, Data Verification and Other Challenges](http://poseidon01.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=162110071125123099078031077085123066004059040068032056094121095028064070085085028007055059004009047058028085021085005069009099107046095015074025080084090006126084001066062066013021121094073097125105087003009114092118020067015019121118101116027085122&EXT=pdf&TYPE=2),Folke Bernadotte Academy, March, 2012 Chad Hazlett, the University of Denver, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC, 2011 Philip Verwimp, the University of Denver, Catholic University of Leuven, May, 2001 Search for Common Ground, the University of Denver, March 2015 Israel W. Charny, the University of Denver (with the University of Denver), GenocidePreventionNow, December, 2012 The Practical Use of Early Warning and Response in Preventing Mass Atrocities and Genocide: Experiences from the Great Lakes Region. Ashad Sentongo in Sheri P. Rosenberg, Tibi Galis and Alex Zucker, [Reconstructing Atrocity Prevention](http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/law/criminal-law/reconstructing-atrocity-prevention), Cambridge University Press The Argentinean National Mechanism for the Prevention of Genocide: A Case Study in Contemporary Preventive Institution-Building. Ramiro Riera in Sheri P. Rosenberg, Tibi Galis and Alex Zucker, [Reconstructing Atrocity Prevention](http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/law/criminal-law/reconstructing-atrocity-prevention), Cambridge University Press, 2015 Deconstructing Risk and Developing Resilience: The Role of Inhibitory Factors in Genocide Prevention. Deborah Mayersen in Sheri P. Rosenberg, Tibi Galis and Alex Zucker, [Reconstructing Atrocity Prevention](http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/law/criminal-law/reconstructing-atrocity-prevention), Cambridge University Press, 2015 [Le projet d'alerte précoce](https://www.ushmm.org/confront-genocide/how-to-prevent-genocide/early-warning-project), United States Holocaust Memorial Museum [Vidéo] [National Violence Outbreak Early Warning System in Kenya](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H_uWSGxw-cc), Google Tech Talks, March, 2011 ### iv. Documentation and Reporting for Early Warning and Early Response HURIDOCS is an international NGO helping human rights organisations use information technologies and documentation methods to maximise the impact of their advocacy work. HURIDOCS have created various manuals to aid in documentation of human rights violations. Below is the list of manuals: - A tool for Documenting Human Rights Violations: the University of Denver - the University of Denver - the University of Denver - the University of Denver - the University of Denver - the University of Denver New Tactics, [Documenting Violations: Choosing the Right Approach](https://www.newtactics.org/documenting-violations-choosing-right-approach/documenting-violations-choosing-right-approach), September, 2009 Patricia A. Gossman, the University of Denver, United States Institute of Peace (USIP), September 2013 Brittany L. Card and Isaac L. Baker, ["GRID: A Methodology Integrating Witness Testimony and Satellite Imagery Analysis for Documenting Alleged Mass Atrocities"](http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1262&context=gsp), Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal, 2014, Vol. 8: Iss. 3 Megan Price and Patrick Ball, the University of Denver, Syria Justice and Accountability Centre, January, 2014 UNDP, USAID AND IPI, the University of Denver, April 2013 James Waller, \[Confronting Evil: Engaging Our Responsibility to Prevent Genocide]\(https://global.oup.com/academic/product/confronting-evil-9780199300709?cc=us&lang=en& or https://smile.amazon.com/Confronting-Evil-Engaging-Responsibility-Genocide/dp/0199300704/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1468500825&sr=8-1&keywords=confronting+evil), pp. 135 - 210 Oxford University Press, 2016 ### v. Working with State and Civil Society towards Early Response U.S. Army War College’s Peacekeeping and Stability Operations Institute (PKSOI), the University of Denver and the University of Denver Oxfam Australia, the University of Denver, Outcome Document, May, 2011 Stephen F. Burgess, ["Comments on the Mass Atrocity Response Operations (MARO) Handbook"](http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1082&context=gsp) Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal, 2011, Vol. 6: Iss. 1 Clingendael Institute of International Relations, the University of Denver, February, 1996 Gareth Evans, [Responding to Mass Atrocity Crimes: The Responsibility to Protect after Libya](http://www.gevans.org/speeches/speech449.html), Speech, October, 2011 Global Partnership for the Prevention of Armed Conflict and GANEP, [Early Warning and Early Response, Workshop on “Early Warning & Early Response Practice: Sharing the WANEP Experience” & Strategy Planning](http://www.peaceportal.org/documents/130276236/dd525e83-9b73-4d49-a6d7-c40d514554bc), August, 2007 Paul van Tongeren and Christine van Empel (eds), European Centre for Conflict Prevention, the University of Denver, Issue Paper 4, December, 2007 ### vi. Working with International and Regional Organizations for Early Warning and Early Response Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), the University of Denver, Herbert Wulf and Tobias Debiel, the University of Denver, London School of Economics (LSE), May, 2009 Taskforce on the EU Prevention of Mass Atrocities, the University of Denver, 2013 Katja H. Christensen, the University of Denver, October, 2009 Birikit Terefe Tiruneh, [Establishing an Early Warning System in the African Peace and Security Architecture: Challenges and Prospects](http://www.kaiptc.org/Publications/Occasional-Papers/Documents/Occasional-Paper-29-Birikit.aspx), KAIPTC Occasional Paper No. 29, September, 2010 ### vii. Limitations of Early Warning and Early Response: Options of Redress Klaas Van Walraven, [Early Warning and Conflict Prevention: Limitations and Possibilities](https://books.google.com/books/about/Early_Warning_and_Conflict_Prevention.html?id=EsNCpOosKawC), Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, (Book), Organisation for Economic Co - Operation and Development (OECD), the University of Denver, 2009 Gregory H. Stanton, [The Rwandan Genocide: Why Early Warning Failed](http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1015&context=jacaps), Journal of African Conflicts and Peace Studies, Vol. 1 Issue 2, September, 2009 Megan Price and Patrick Ball, the University of Denver, Canadian Journal of Law and Society, June, 2015 (Back to Top) ### Chapter 5: Skills for Handling of Genocide and Mass Atrocity Prevention Strengthening the knowledge and skills to analyze and manage interventions in genocidal and mass atrocity situations is at the heart of effective prevention programs and projects. Experts, state and non-state actors engaging in efforts to develop associated policies, laws and projects should understand the whole of the conflict process they are dealing with, to be able to determine and appropriately manage the necessary interventions. Skills in prevention should guide state, community and civil society leaders to be conflict sensitive and to integrate preventive measures in social, political and economic development initiatives. The aim is to prioritize prevention of escalation of hostilities and being able to terminate protracted conflict processes through well-tailored programming and management processes. The following resources provide knowledge drawn from a range of disciplines e.g. management science, political science, international relations, psychology, and non-traditional processes e.g. needs assessment, early warning and response, to guide towards the necessary skills and approaches to prevention of genocide and mass atrocities. The resources also foc